What Is Old English Cheese? Exploring a Culinary Legacy
Old English cheese isn’t one single type of cheese, but rather a broader category encompassing several distinct cheeses that have been produced in England for centuries, reflecting the country’s rich agricultural history. It represents a diverse range of traditional British cheeses, with production methods and flavors that often vary significantly depending on the region and cheesemaker.
The Roots of English Cheesemaking
English cheesemaking boasts a history as deep and complex as the island itself. For centuries, cheese has been a vital part of the English diet, playing a role in both sustenance and commerce. Its origins can be traced back to Roman times, but it truly flourished during the medieval period. Monasteries were early centers of cheesemaking expertise, refining techniques and passing down knowledge through generations. The agricultural landscape of England, with its lush pastures and diverse breeds of cattle, sheep, and goats, provided the ideal conditions for a thriving cheesemaking industry.
Key Characteristics and Varieties
Unlike some countries with highly regulated cheese production, England has historically allowed for greater regional variation. This has resulted in a fascinating array of Old English cheeses, each with its own unique characteristics.
Cheddar: Arguably the most famous English cheese, Cheddar originates from Somerset. It is known for its firm texture, sharp flavor, and color ranging from pale yellow to deep orange. The best Cheddars are aged for many months, developing complex flavors.
Cheshire: One of the oldest English cheeses, Cheshire is crumbly and moist, with a slightly salty and tangy flavor. Its pale color is a distinctive feature.
Leicester: Sometimes referred to as “Red Leicester,” this cheese is known for its bright orange color and slightly sweet, nutty flavor. It is firm and crumbly in texture.
Stilton: Often called the “King of English Cheeses,” Stilton is a blue cheese with a pungent aroma and rich, creamy texture. It is protected by a certification mark, ensuring its quality and origin.
Wensleydale: A crumbly, slightly acidic cheese with a moist texture, Wensleydale is often made with cranberries or other fruits, adding a sweet and tangy element.
| Cheese | Texture | Flavor | Color | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheddar | Firm | Sharp, Tangy | Pale Yellow to Orange | Somerset |
| Cheshire | Crumbly, Moist | Salty, Tangy | Pale | Cheshire |
| Leicester | Firm, Crumbly | Sweet, Nutty | Orange | Leicestershire |
| Stilton | Creamy | Pungent, Rich | White with Blue Veins | Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire |
| Wensleydale | Crumbly, Moist | Slightly Acidic | Pale | Yorkshire |
Cheesemaking Processes: Then and Now
The cheesemaking processes involved in creating Old English cheeses have evolved over time, but the fundamental principles remain the same. Traditionally, cheeses were made using raw (unpasteurized) milk from local farms. The milk was heated, cultures were added to initiate fermentation, and rennet was used to coagulate the milk. The resulting curds were then cut, drained, and pressed to remove whey. Finally, the cheese was aged, allowing its flavors to develop.
Today, many cheesemakers still follow these traditional methods, while others incorporate modern techniques to improve efficiency and consistency. Pasteurization is more common, and cultures and rennet are often commercially produced. However, the commitment to quality ingredients and skilled craftsmanship remains a hallmark of Old English cheesemaking.
Appreciating Old English Cheese: Serving and Pairings
Enjoying Old English cheese is a sensory experience. Each cheese offers a unique combination of textures, aromas, and flavors that can be enhanced by careful serving and pairing.
Serving: Allow cheese to come to room temperature before serving to fully appreciate its flavors. Cut cheeses into wedges or slices, ensuring that each piece includes a portion of the rind.
Pairings: Old English cheeses pair well with a variety of accompaniments, including:
- Fruits: Apples, pears, grapes, and figs complement the savory flavors of cheese.
- Nuts: Walnuts, almonds, and pecans add a textural contrast.
- Crackers and Breads: Choose crackers or breads that don’t overpower the cheese’s flavor.
- Beverages: Beer, cider, and wine can all be excellent pairings for Old English cheese. Consider the intensity of the cheese when selecting a beverage. For example, a robust red wine pairs well with a strong Cheddar, while a lighter white wine complements a milder Wensleydale.
Preserving the Tradition
The tradition of Old English cheesemaking faces challenges in the modern world. Competition from mass-produced cheeses and changing consumer preferences threaten the survival of smaller, artisanal cheesemakers. However, there is a growing movement to preserve and promote these traditional cheeses. Organizations like the Specialist Cheesemakers Association work to support cheesemakers, educate consumers, and advocate for policies that protect the industry. By celebrating the unique flavors and craftsmanship of Old English cheese, we can ensure that this culinary heritage continues to thrive for generations to come.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What makes a cheese “Old English?”
“Old English” cheese generally refers to traditional cheeses that have been made in England for generations, often using time-honored methods and regional ingredients. There isn’t a strict legal definition, but it implies a history and connection to English cheesemaking traditions.
Is all English cheese considered “Old English?”
No. While all cheese made in England is technically “English cheese,” not all qualifies as “Old English.” Modern cheese production methods and imported styles may not fit the traditional definition. Old English focuses on cheeses rooted in the country’s historical practices.
Are Old English cheeses typically pasteurized or unpasteurized?
Historically, Old English cheeses were often made with raw (unpasteurized) milk. While many artisan producers still use raw milk, commercial production often uses pasteurized milk for safety reasons. Check the label to confirm if the cheese is made with raw or pasteurized milk.
How should I store Old English cheese properly?
Wrap the cheese loosely in wax paper or cheese paper and store it in the crisper drawer of your refrigerator. Avoid plastic wrap, which can trap moisture and affect the flavor. Bring the cheese to room temperature for about an hour before serving to fully appreciate its flavor.
What are some good accompaniments to serve with Old English cheeses?
Old English cheeses pair well with fruits (apples, pears, grapes), nuts (walnuts, almonds), crackers, bread, chutneys, and preserves. Consider the specific flavor profile of the cheese when selecting accompaniments. A strong Cheddar, for example, pairs well with a bold chutney or a slice of apple pie.
Are there any protected designations of origin (PDOs) for Old English cheeses?
Yes. Stilton has a protected designation of origin, meaning it can only be produced in specific regions of England using traditional methods. Similarly, West Country Farmhouse Cheddar also has PDO status.
How can I tell if an Old English cheese is of high quality?
Look for cheeses made by reputable producers, often small-scale artisan cheesemakers. Check the label for information about the milk source, production methods, and aging process. A high-quality cheese will have a complex aroma, a well-developed flavor, and a pleasant texture.
What is the best way to taste a variety of Old English cheeses?
Create a cheese board with a selection of cheeses, ranging from mild to strong. Start with the milder cheeses and work your way up to the stronger ones. Cleanse your palate with water or crackers between each cheese.
Can I freeze Old English cheese?
Freezing cheese can alter its texture, making it crumbly or grainy. It is generally not recommended to freeze Old English cheeses, especially soft or semi-soft varieties. Hard cheeses like Cheddar can be frozen, but their quality may be affected.
What are the key differences between Cheddar and Cheshire cheese?
Cheddar is a firm, often sharp cheese, while Cheshire is crumbly and moist with a slightly salty flavor. Cheddar typically has a more pronounced and complex flavor profile, whereas Cheshire has a milder taste. Their textures are also quite different.
Is there a “best” Old English cheese for grilling or melting?
Cheddar is a good option for grilling or melting due to its firm texture and ability to hold its shape. Red Leicester also melts well, offering a slightly sweeter flavor. Consider using a mature or vintage Cheddar for a richer flavor.
Where can I buy authentic Old English cheeses?
Look for specialty cheese shops, farmers’ markets, and online retailers that specialize in artisan cheeses. Many supermarkets also carry a selection of Old English cheeses, but be sure to check the labels for information about the producer and ingredients. Supporting local cheesemakers ensures the continuation of this valuable tradition.