Do You Need Two Fig Trees to Produce Fruit?
The answer, simply, is: it depends. Most common fig varieties are self-pollinating, meaning they do not require a second tree to produce fruit. However, some Smyrna-type figs require pollination by the fig wasp and a caprifig tree to produce viable fruit.
The Fig Tree Family: A Complex Lineage
Fig trees (genus Ficus) are fascinating plants with a rich history and diverse range of cultivars. Understanding the different types of figs is crucial to determining whether you need one or two trees to enjoy a bountiful harvest. Some types produce fruit parthenocarpically, meaning without pollination, while others require a fascinating symbiotic relationship with a tiny wasp for successful fruit development. This seemingly simple question of “one or two” unlocks a world of botanical intrigue.
Understanding Fig Tree Pollination Types
The critical factor in determining whether you need one or two fig trees revolves around pollination. There are three primary types of fig trees, each with a distinct pollination strategy:
Common Figs: These are the most widely grown type and are parthenocarpic. This means they can produce fruit without pollination. Popular varieties include ‘Brown Turkey’, ‘Black Mission’, and ‘Celeste’.
Smyrna Figs: These figs require pollination by the fig wasp, Blastophaga psenes, to develop properly. Without pollination, the fruits will typically drop prematurely. ‘Calimyrna’ is a well-known example.
San Pedro Figs: These figs produce two crops per year. The first crop (breba crop) develops parthenocarpically, while the second crop requires pollination.
The Role of the Fig Wasp and Caprifigs
The fig wasp plays a vital role in the pollination of Smyrna and San Pedro figs (second crop). The female wasp enters the syconium (the fig “fruit,” which is actually an inverted flower) of a caprifig, a wild, non-edible fig tree. The caprifig contains male flowers that produce pollen. The wasp picks up pollen as she lays her eggs inside the caprifig flowers. When the wasps emerge, the pollen-laden females fly to female Smyrna or San Pedro fig trees, where they lay their eggs and inadvertently pollinate the female flowers.
Identifying Your Fig Tree Type
Identifying your fig tree type is essential to determining if you need a second tree.
Check the Variety Name: The easiest way to determine your fig type is to check the plant label or nursery information when you purchase it. This will indicate whether it’s a common, Smyrna, or San Pedro type.
Observe Fruit Development: If your fig tree produces fruit regularly without the presence of fig wasps, it is likely a common type. Smyrna types will drop their fruit prematurely without pollination.
Consult a Local Expert: If you’re still unsure, contact your local agricultural extension office or a knowledgeable nursery professional for assistance.
Benefits of Growing Self-Pollinating Fig Trees
Growing self-pollinating fig trees (common types) offers several advantages:
Simplicity: You only need one tree to produce fruit.
Reliability: Fruit production is less susceptible to factors like wasp populations.
Wide Availability: Common fig varieties are readily available at most nurseries.
Challenges of Growing Smyrna-Type Figs
Growing Smyrna-type figs presents some unique challenges:
Pollination Requirements: You need both a female Smyrna fig tree and a male caprifig tree for successful fruit production.
Fig Wasp Availability: Fig wasps may not be present in all regions, particularly colder climates.
Caprifig Management: Caprifigs are considered inedible and may require specific pruning and management techniques.
The Importance of Proper Planting and Care
Regardless of the type of fig tree you choose, proper planting and care are essential for healthy growth and fruit production.
Sunlight: Fig trees require at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day.
Soil: Well-draining soil is crucial to prevent root rot.
Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods.
Fertilizing: Fertilize in the spring with a balanced fertilizer.
Pruning: Prune annually to remove dead or diseased branches and to shape the tree.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Assuming All Fig Trees Need Two: This is a common misconception, leading to unnecessary planting.
Planting a Smyrna Fig Without a Caprifig: This will result in fruit drop and disappointment.
Neglecting Proper Care: Neglecting basic care requirements will impact fruit production.
Planting in Poorly Draining Soil: Poor drainage can lead to root rot and tree death.
Table: Comparison of Fig Tree Types
| Feature | Common Figs | Smyrna Figs | San Pedro Figs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pollination | Parthenocarpic | Fig Wasp Required | Breba Crop: Parthenocarpic; Main Crop: Fig Wasp Required |
| Fruit Set | Reliable | Dependent on Wasp | Breba Crop: Reliable; Main Crop: Dependent on Wasp |
| Tree Requirement | One | Two | Potentially Two (for main crop) |
| Examples | Brown Turkey, Black Mission, Celeste | Calimyrna | Lamuyo |
Bullet List: Essential Fig Tree Care Tips
- Choose the Right Variety: Select a variety suited to your climate and growing conditions.
- Plant in Well-Draining Soil: Ensure the soil drains well to prevent root rot.
- Provide Ample Sunlight: Fig trees need at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day.
- Water Regularly: Water deeply and regularly, especially during dry periods.
- Fertilize Appropriately: Use a balanced fertilizer in the spring.
- Prune Annually: Prune to remove dead or diseased branches and to shape the tree.
- Protect from Frost: Protect young trees from frost damage.
- Monitor for Pests and Diseases: Inspect your trees regularly for signs of pests or diseases.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Can I grow a Smyrna fig without a caprifig tree nearby?
Unfortunately, you cannot reliably grow a Smyrna fig without a caprifig tree and active fig wasps in your area. The Smyrna fig requires pollination to develop properly; without it, the fruit will drop prematurely.
2. How do I know if I have fig wasps in my area?
It can be difficult to directly observe fig wasps. Check with your local agricultural extension office or experienced fig growers in your area to determine if fig wasps are present and active.
3. What is a caprifig, and can I eat the fruit?
A caprifig is a wild, non-edible fig tree that serves as the host for the fig wasp. The fruit is generally not palatable and is primarily used for pollination purposes.
4. Can I hand-pollinate a Smyrna fig?
While theoretically possible, hand-pollinating a Smyrna fig is extremely difficult and impractical for most home growers. It requires collecting pollen from a caprifig and carefully transferring it to the Smyrna fig flowers, which are located inside the fruit.
5. What happens if I plant two common fig trees next to each other?
Planting two common fig trees next to each other is perfectly fine and will not hinder fruit production. Since common fig trees are self-pollinating, they do not require cross-pollination. It may, in fact, increase your overall yield.
6. Is it possible for a common fig tree to revert to needing pollination?
No, a true common fig variety that is parthenocarpic will not revert to requiring pollination. Parthenocarpy is a genetic trait.
7. Are there any self-pollinating Smyrna fig varieties?
Generally, Smyrna figs require pollination. The defining characteristic of that type is the need for the wasp. While some breeding programs are exploring self-pollinating traits in figs, true self-pollinating Smyrna varieties are not widely available.
8. My fig tree produces small, hard fruits that never ripen. What’s wrong?
This is often a sign of insufficient pollination (if you have a Smyrna or San Pedro fig requiring it) or inadequate growing conditions. Ensure your tree receives enough sunlight, water, and nutrients. Consider whether you have a variety that needs a pollinator.
9. Can I move a fig tree?
Yes, you can move a fig tree, but it’s best to do so during the dormant season (late fall or early spring). Dig a wide root ball and replant in a well-draining location.
10. How often should I water my fig tree?
Water deeply whenever the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch. Frequency will vary depending on your climate and soil type.
11. What kind of fertilizer should I use for my fig tree?
Use a balanced fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10) in the spring. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can lead to excessive vegetative growth and reduced fruit production.
12. My fig tree leaves are turning yellow. What could be the problem?
Yellowing leaves can be caused by several factors, including overwatering, underwatering, nutrient deficiencies, or pests and diseases. Investigate the potential causes and address the issue accordingly.