How to Clean a Wheat Penny? Understanding the Art and Science of Penny Preservation
Cleaning a Wheat Penny is a delicate process that aims to remove dirt and grime without damaging the coin’s surface. The best approach is to clean it very gently, using methods that minimize abrasion, focusing on warm water and mild soap, followed by careful drying.
The Lure of the Wheat Penny: A Brief History
The Wheat Penny, also known as the Lincoln Wheat Cent, was minted from 1909 to 1958. Designed by Victor David Brenner, it replaced the Indian Head cent and marked the 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth. These pennies are popular among collectors due to their historical significance, affordability, and the potential for discovering rare varieties. Understanding their history adds context to the desire for preservation.
Why Consider Cleaning a Wheat Penny?
While professionally graded and certified coins generally shouldn’t be cleaned (as it can diminish their value), cleaning a Wheat Penny may be considered for a few reasons:
- Visibility: Removing dirt and grime can make the coin’s details more visible, allowing for easier identification of dates and mint marks.
- Aesthetic Appeal: A cleaner coin is, arguably, more visually appealing to some collectors or enthusiasts.
- Protection from Corrosion: Removing contaminants can help prevent further corrosion and degradation of the coin.
However, it’s crucial to understand that improperly cleaning a coin can drastically reduce its value. If you are unsure about the value of your penny, consulting a professional numismatist is always recommended.
The Gentle Cleaning Process: Step-by-Step
The following method prioritizes gentleness and aims to minimize any potential damage to the coin. Remember, less is more when cleaning valuable coins.
Gather Your Supplies: You’ll need:
- Distilled water (tap water may contain minerals that can leave residue)
- A mild, pH-neutral soap (such as dish soap formulated for sensitive skin)
- Soft cotton swabs or lint-free cloths
- A small, soft-bristled brush (a toothbrush works well)
- A clean, dry surface
Initial Rinse: Gently rinse the penny under lukewarm distilled water to remove loose dirt and debris.
Soap Application: Dilute a tiny amount of the mild soap in distilled water. Dip a cotton swab or lint-free cloth into the soapy water and gently dab the penny. Avoid rubbing vigorously.
Gentle Scrubbing (Optional): If necessary, use the soft-bristled brush to gently scrub away any stubborn dirt. Use very light pressure and focus on small areas at a time.
Thorough Rinse: Rinse the penny thoroughly under lukewarm distilled water to remove all traces of soap.
Drying: Pat the penny dry with a clean, lint-free cloth. Avoid rubbing, as this can scratch the surface. You can also allow the coin to air dry completely on a clean surface.
What Not To Do: Common Cleaning Mistakes
Avoiding these common pitfalls is just as important as following the correct cleaning steps:
- Harsh Chemicals: Never use harsh chemicals, abrasive cleaners, or metal polishes. These can damage the coin’s surface and significantly reduce its value.
- Vigorous Rubbing: Avoid rubbing the coin aggressively, as this can cause scratches and wear away the surface detail.
- Household Cleaners: Steer clear of household cleaners like bleach or ammonia, as they can react with the metal and cause discoloration or corrosion.
- Ultrasonic Cleaners: While effective for some cleaning tasks, ultrasonic cleaners are generally too powerful for delicate coins.
Understanding Patina
Patina is a natural layer of oxidation that forms on the surface of coins over time. Many collectors value patina, as it can indicate authenticity and protect the underlying metal. Removing patina is almost always detrimental to a coin’s value.
Cleaning Tools: What to Avoid
| Tool | Why to Avoid |
|---|---|
| Metal Brushes | Too abrasive; will scratch the coin’s surface. |
| Steel Wool | Extremely abrasive; will cause significant damage. |
| Pencil Erasers | Can leave residue and may be too abrasive. |
| Commercial Polishes | Often contain harsh chemicals and abrasives that can damage the coin. |
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Is it always a bad idea to clean a Wheat Penny?
Generally, yes. Cleaning a Wheat Penny can diminish its value, especially if it’s a rare or valuable example. Only consider cleaning if the coin is heavily soiled and of low numismatic value, and even then, proceed with extreme caution.
What if I want to clean a large number of Wheat Pennies?
Even with low-value coins, avoid methods that clean large quantities at once (e.g., tumbling). This can lead to scratching. Individually cleaning each coin, even if gently, is always preferable. If you have a large quantity, consider sorting them and only cleaning the most visually unattractive ones.
Can I use vinegar to clean a Wheat Penny?
While vinegar can remove some tarnish, it is acidic and can damage the coin’s surface if not used carefully. If you choose to use vinegar, dilute it heavily with water and only soak the coin for a very short period (a few seconds). Rinse thoroughly afterward. However, using milder methods such as soap and water is generally safer.
How do I know if my Wheat Penny is worth anything before cleaning it?
Consult a reputable coin price guide or a professional numismatist. Factors such as the date, mint mark, and condition of the coin will determine its value. A coin showing the “S” mint mark from San Francisco is generally rarer than coins without a mint mark or with a “D” (Denver) mark.
What’s the best way to store a cleaned Wheat Penny?
After cleaning and drying, store the penny in a coin holder or sleeve made of inert material (such as Mylar or archival-quality plastic). Avoid storing coins in PVC holders, as they can damage the metal over time.
My Wheat Penny has green corrosion. Can I remove it?
Green corrosion, often called verdigris, is a sign of copper oxidation. Removing it can be tricky and may leave the coin looking unnatural. Gentle cleaning with distilled water and a soft brush might help, but if the corrosion is severe, professional conservation is recommended.
What is the best type of soap to use?
Use a mild, pH-neutral soap specifically designed for sensitive skin. This type of soap is less likely to contain harsh chemicals that could damage the coin. Dish soap made for washing baby bottles is a good option.
How can I avoid leaving water spots on the penny after cleaning?
Use distilled water for both cleaning and rinsing. Distilled water lacks the minerals found in tap water that can cause water spots. Dry the coin thoroughly with a lint-free cloth or allow it to air dry completely.
Is there a way to restore patina to a cleaned Wheat Penny?
No. Artificial patina is typically a poor substitute and easily identified. Accept your decision, or leave the coin uncleaned.
Can I use baking soda to clean a Wheat Penny?
Baking soda is mildly abrasive. While it can remove dirt, it can also scratch the coin’s surface if used improperly. It is generally best to avoid using baking soda.
What should I do if I accidentally damage my Wheat Penny while cleaning it?
Stop immediately. Further cleaning will only worsen the damage. If the coin is valuable, consult a professional numismatist or coin conservator.
Where can I find a professional numismatist to evaluate my Wheat Penny?
The American Numismatic Association (ANA) website is a good resource for finding qualified numismatists in your area. You can also search online for local coin dealers or appraisal services. Remember to check their credentials and reviews before entrusting them with your coins.