How to Tell When Garlic Is Ready to Harvest: A Comprehensive Guide
The signal that your garlic is ready to harvest comes when about one-third to one-half of the leaves have turned brown and begun to fall over, indicating that the bulbs have reached their optimal size and maturity. Harvesting at the right time ensures the best flavor, storage life, and overall quality of your garlic crop.
Understanding Garlic Growth Cycles
Garlic cultivation is a rewarding process, but understanding its growth cycle is key to a successful harvest. Garlic, a member of the Allium family, comes in two main types: hardneck and softneck. Hardneck varieties typically produce a flower stalk (scape) while softneck varieties generally don’t. Knowing which type you’re growing impacts harvest timing slightly.
- Hardneck Garlic: Generally planted in the fall and produces scapes in the spring.
- Softneck Garlic: Can be planted in fall or spring, and is more common in warmer climates.
Key Indicators of Garlic Readiness
Recognizing the signs that your garlic is ready for harvest is crucial. Relying solely on calendar dates can lead to disappointment. Here are the primary indicators:
Leaf Browning: This is the most reliable sign. When the bottom leaves of the plant start to yellow and brown, it signals the bulb is maturing. Avoid waiting until all leaves are brown as the bulb can begin to break apart.
Scapes (Hardneck Only): If you’re growing hardneck garlic, harvesting the scapes signals the plant to put its energy into bulb development. Scapes should be removed before they curl too much.
Bulb Size: Gently dig up a test bulb to assess its size. The bulb should be well-formed with clearly defined cloves. Don’t wait too long to harvest if the bulb is the size you desire, even if the leaves are still mostly green.
The Garlic Harvesting Process: Step-by-Step
Careful harvesting prevents damage and maximizes storage potential.
- Loosen the Soil: Use a garden fork to gently loosen the soil around the garlic plants. Be careful not to pierce the bulbs.
- Lift the Bulbs: Gently lift the bulbs from the soil, holding them by the stem. Avoid pulling directly on the stem, as this can detach the bulb.
- Shake Off Excess Soil: Gently shake off any excess soil. Don’t wash the bulbs as moisture can promote rot.
- Curing: This is a critical step for long-term storage.
Curing Your Garlic
Curing allows the outer layers of the garlic to dry and harden, protecting the bulb from decay.
- Choosing a Location: Select a dry, well-ventilated area out of direct sunlight. A barn, shed, or covered porch works well.
- Hanging or Laying Out: You can hang the garlic in bunches or lay them out in a single layer on screens or racks.
- Curing Time: The curing process typically takes 2-4 weeks. The necks should be dry and tight, and the outer skin papery.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Harvesting Too Early: Harvesting before the bulb is fully mature results in small bulbs with less flavor and shorter storage life.
- Harvesting Too Late: Waiting too long can cause the bulbs to split apart in the ground, making them more susceptible to disease and reducing storage potential.
- Washing the Bulbs: Washing adds moisture and increases the risk of rot during curing and storage.
- Curing in Direct Sunlight: Direct sunlight can scorch the bulbs.
- Improper Storage: Storing garlic in a humid or poorly ventilated area promotes mold and rot.
Timing Considerations
While the leaf browning is the best indicator, general time frames exist for harvesting. Hardneck garlic is typically harvested late June to early July, while softneck garlic is usually harvested late July to August. These are general guidelines and should be adjusted based on your specific location and weather conditions.
Frequently Asked Questions
What happens if I harvest my garlic too early?
Harvesting too early results in smaller bulbs with less flavor and a shorter storage life. The outer skins won’t be fully developed, making the bulbs more susceptible to drying out and rotting.
Can I still use garlic if I harvest it too late?
Yes, but the bulbs may be starting to separate into individual cloves. While still edible, their storage life will be significantly reduced. Use them as soon as possible.
How do I know if my garlic is properly cured?
Properly cured garlic will have dry, papery outer skins and a tight neck. The cloves should be firm and plump. If the neck is still soft or moist, it needs more curing time.
What is the best way to store garlic after curing?
Store cured garlic in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated place. A temperature between 60-70°F (15-21°C) is ideal. Avoid storing garlic in the refrigerator as it can promote sprouting.
My garlic sprouted in storage. Is it still safe to eat?
Yes, sprouted garlic is generally safe to eat. However, the flavor may be milder or slightly bitter. You can remove the green sprout before using the clove.
How long will properly cured garlic last in storage?
Properly cured and stored garlic can last for several months, even up to a year, depending on the variety and storage conditions. Softneck varieties generally store longer than hardneck varieties.
Should I remove the roots before curing?
You can trim the roots to about 1/2 inch before curing, but don’t remove them entirely. Leaving some root material helps prevent moisture loss from the bottom of the bulb.
What should I do if my garlic gets moldy during curing or storage?
Discard any garlic that shows signs of mold. Mold can produce toxins that are harmful to humans. Don’t attempt to clean or salvage moldy garlic.
Can I plant garlic from the grocery store?
While technically possible, it’s generally not recommended. Garlic from the grocery store may be treated with chemicals to prevent sprouting, which can hinder growth. Additionally, it may not be suited to your local climate and could introduce diseases. Always use seed garlic from a reputable source.
What are scapes, and why should I remove them from hardneck garlic?
Scapes are the flower stalks that grow from hardneck garlic plants. Removing them redirects the plant’s energy from flower production to bulb development, resulting in larger and better-quality bulbs. Scapes are also edible and have a mild garlic flavor.
How do weather conditions affect garlic harvest time?
Excessive rainfall can delay harvest and increase the risk of bulb rot. Hot, dry weather can accelerate maturity. Monitor your plants closely and adjust harvest time accordingly.
Is it better to harvest garlic in the morning or evening?
It’s generally best to harvest garlic on a dry morning after the dew has evaporated. This allows the bulbs to dry slightly and reduces the risk of rot. Avoid harvesting during or immediately after rain.