What Is the Difference Between Bourbon and Whiskey?
Bourbon is a type of whiskey, but not all whiskeys are bourbon. The key difference lies in ingredients, production methods, and origin: bourbon must be made in the US (though not exclusively in Kentucky), contain at least 51% corn in its mash bill, and be aged in new, charred oak barrels.
Whiskey: A Broad Category
Whiskey, derived from the Gaelic “uisge beatha” meaning “water of life,” is a distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. This seemingly simple definition encompasses a vast and diverse world of spirits, each with its own unique characteristics and production methods. From the smoky single malts of Scotland to the smooth blends of Ireland and the bold bourbons of America, whiskey’s global appeal stems from its rich history, complex flavors, and the craftsmanship involved in its creation.
Bourbon: America’s Spirit
Bourbon, often referred to as “America’s Native Spirit,” is a distinctly American type of whiskey, bound by a specific set of regulations and traditions. It’s a testament to American ingenuity and resourcefulness, having evolved from early settlers’ attempts to recreate familiar spirits using available grains. Bourbon’s defining characteristics are its reliance on corn as the primary grain and its aging process in new, charred oak barrels, which impart a unique sweetness and flavor profile.
Key Distinctions: Bourbon vs. Other Whiskeys
The nuances that separate bourbon from other whiskeys are crucial for understanding and appreciating the spirit. These differences extend beyond just ingredients and encompass legal definitions, production processes, and the overall sensory experience.
Here’s a breakdown of the critical distinctions:
Grain Composition (Mash Bill):
- Bourbon: Must be made from a grain mixture (mash bill) containing at least 51% corn.
- Other Whiskeys: Grain composition varies widely (e.g., rye whiskey uses at least 51% rye, Scotch whisky uses malted barley).
Geographic Origin:
- Bourbon: Must be produced in the United States.
- Other Whiskeys: Produced globally, with significant regions including Scotland, Ireland, Canada, and Japan.
Aging:
- Bourbon: Must be aged in new, charred oak barrels.
- Other Whiskeys: Aging requirements vary. Scotch whisky, for instance, is often aged in used sherry or bourbon barrels.
Distillation Proof:
- Bourbon: Distilled to no more than 160 proof (80% ABV).
- Other Whiskeys: Distillation proof may vary.
Entry Proof to Barrel:
- Bourbon: Must enter the barrel for aging at no more than 125 proof (62.5% ABV).
- Other Whiskeys: Entry proof varies.
Additives:
- Bourbon: Nothing other than pure water can be added to bourbon before bottling.
- Other Whiskeys: Some jurisdictions allow for the addition of caramel coloring or other additives.
The Role of the Barrel
The choice of barrel and the aging process significantly impact the final flavor profile of both bourbon and other whiskeys.
- Bourbon’s reliance on new, charred oak provides intense flavors of vanilla, caramel, and spice, along with a characteristic sweetness derived from the oak’s sugars. The charring process caramelizes the wood sugars, extracting richer flavors and colors during aging.
- Other whiskeys, especially Scotch, often use used barrels, previously used for aging sherry or bourbon. This imparts different flavor characteristics, such as dried fruit notes from sherry barrels or a milder oak influence from bourbon barrels.
Understanding Mash Bills
The term “mash bill” refers to the specific recipe of grains used to create whiskey. Different grains contribute unique characteristics to the final product.
| Grain | Flavor Contribution |
|---|---|
| Corn | Sweetness, vanilla, caramel |
| Rye | Spice, pepper, dryness |
| Wheat | Softness, smoothness, bread-like notes |
| Barley | Nutty, grainy, malty flavors (essential for Scotch) |
Common Misconceptions
A common misconception is that bourbon must be made in Kentucky. While Kentucky is renowned for its bourbon production and accounts for a significant portion of the overall bourbon market, the legal requirement is only that it must be made within the United States. Furthermore, many confuse bourbon with Tennessee Whiskey. While Tennessee Whiskey adheres to nearly all of the same requirements as Bourbon, it also is filtered through sugar maple charcoal prior to aging, which is called the Lincoln County Process.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Is all bourbon from Kentucky?
No, bourbon can be made in any state in the US. While Kentucky produces a large percentage of the world’s bourbon, the legal requirement is that it is made within the United States. Distilleries in states like Virginia, Texas, and New York are increasingly producing high-quality bourbon.
What does “sour mash” mean?
“Sour mash” is a process used in bourbon production where some of the spent mash from a previous distillation is added to the new mash. This helps to control the pH level during fermentation and can contribute to a more consistent and complex flavor.
How long does bourbon have to be aged?
There is no minimum aging requirement for bourbon, except for “straight bourbon,” which must be aged for at least two years. However, most bourbons are aged for significantly longer to develop their characteristic flavors.
What is “Bottled-in-Bond” bourbon?
“Bottled-in-Bond” is a designation that signifies a specific set of regulations have been met. To be labeled “Bottled-in-Bond,” the bourbon must be the product of one distillery, from one distilling season, aged for at least four years in a bonded warehouse, and bottled at 100 proof (50% ABV).
What does “High Rye” mean on a bourbon label?
“High Rye” bourbon indicates that the mash bill contains a significantly higher percentage of rye than typical bourbons. This typically imparts a spicier and more complex flavor profile.
What is the difference between bourbon and Tennessee Whiskey?
Tennessee Whiskey follows the same requirements as bourbon, with one key distinction: it undergoes the Lincoln County Process, where the whiskey is filtered through sugar maple charcoal before aging. This process is believed to mellow the spirit and give it a smoother flavor.
Can bourbon be aged in anything other than oak?
Bourbon must be aged in new, charred oak barrels. This is a legal requirement and a defining characteristic of bourbon.
What are some common bourbon tasting notes?
Common tasting notes in bourbon include vanilla, caramel, oak, spice (especially cinnamon and cloves), and fruit notes like cherry or dried fruits. The specific flavors will vary depending on the mash bill, aging process, and other factors.
What is “wheated” bourbon?
“Wheated” bourbon refers to bourbon where wheat is the secondary grain in the mash bill, replacing rye. This often results in a softer, smoother, and sweeter flavor profile compared to bourbons with rye in their mash bill.
Is bourbon always dark in color?
The color of bourbon is primarily determined by the aging process. Longer aging and higher levels of char on the barrel will result in a darker color. However, younger bourbons can be lighter in color.
What is the “Angel’s Share”?
The “Angel’s Share” refers to the portion of whiskey that is lost to evaporation during the aging process. The longer a whiskey ages, the more it evaporates, impacting the final yield and concentration of flavors.
Is expensive bourbon always better?
Price is not always an indicator of quality. While some expensive bourbons are exceptional, personal preference plays a significant role. Exploring different brands and styles is key to finding what you enjoy most, regardless of price.