Why Does Turkey Want to Join the EU? Unraveling the Aspirations Behind Ankara’s Ambition
Turkey seeks EU membership primarily due to anticipated economic benefits, enhanced political influence, and the potential for stronger security guarantees despite the ongoing complexities and stalled negotiation process.
A Historical Tapestry: Turkey’s EU Aspirations
Turkey’s relationship with Europe stretches back centuries, but the modern quest for EU membership began in 1987, when it formally applied to join what was then the European Economic Community (EEC). This application was rooted in a desire to integrate more closely with the West, driven by economic imperatives and geopolitical considerations. Initially, the EEC was lukewarm to the idea, citing Turkey’s human rights record and economic disparities.
Over the years, Turkey’s application has gone through various phases:
- Associate Membership (1963): This was the first step, granting Turkey preferential trade access to the EEC.
- Customs Union (1995): This significantly boosted trade between Turkey and the EU, integrating their economies further.
- Full Membership Application (1987 onwards): The ongoing, albeit stalled, process aimed at complete integration.
The Allure of Economic Integration
The potential economic advantages of EU membership have always been a central driving force behind Turkey’s aspirations. Access to the single market, with its free movement of goods, services, capital, and people, promised significant economic growth and investment opportunities.
Benefits of economic integration include:
- Increased foreign direct investment (FDI).
- Lower trade barriers and expanded export markets.
- Access to EU structural funds for development.
- Increased competitiveness and efficiency.
However, the economic argument has become more nuanced in recent years. Turkey’s own economic growth, coupled with concerns within the EU about the economic impact of incorporating a large, developing economy, has led to a re-evaluation of these benefits.
Political and Strategic Considerations
Beyond economics, Turkey’s pursuit of EU membership is also motivated by political and strategic considerations. Membership would provide Turkey with:
- A greater voice in European affairs.
- Enhanced diplomatic influence on the global stage.
- Strengthened democratic institutions and rule of law (although recent trends have raised concerns).
- Potential security guarantees through closer alignment with European security policies.
The desire to be recognized as a modern, Western-oriented nation is also a significant factor. EU membership would symbolize Turkey’s commitment to European values and its integration into the European political landscape.
The Complicated Road to Membership: Challenges and Obstacles
The path to EU membership has been far from smooth for Turkey. Several significant obstacles have consistently hindered progress:
- Human Rights Concerns: Turkey’s human rights record, particularly regarding freedom of expression, the treatment of journalists, and the independence of the judiciary, has been a major source of concern for the EU.
- The Cyprus Issue: The ongoing dispute over the divided island of Cyprus, and Turkey’s non-recognition of the Republic of Cyprus (an EU member), remains a significant stumbling block.
- Rule of Law and Democracy: Concerns about the erosion of the rule of law and democratic institutions in Turkey, especially since the 2016 coup attempt, have further complicated the accession process.
- Public Opinion: Shifting public opinion within both Turkey and the EU has also played a role. In Turkey, support for EU membership has fluctuated, while in some EU member states, there is growing skepticism about further enlargement, particularly with Turkey.
A Comparative Look: Past and Present Status
| Factor | Initial Optimism (Early 2000s) | Current Status (2024) |
|---|---|---|
| Economic Reform | Significant progress in economic liberalization and privatization | Economic challenges, including inflation and currency volatility |
| Political Reform | Initial steps towards democratic reform and human rights improvement | Concerns about democratic backsliding, erosion of the rule of law, and limitations on freedom of expression |
| EU Enthusiasm | Strong support for Turkey’s membership within the EU | Increasing skepticism and reluctance among some EU member states due to concerns about Turkey’s human rights record and political trajectory |
| Cyprus Issue | Ongoing dispute, but some hope for resolution | Stalemate, with little progress towards a solution |
| Public Opinion (Turkey) | High support for EU membership | Fluctuating support, with increased Euroscepticism |
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What exactly is the Customs Union between Turkey and the EU?
The Customs Union, established in 1995, allows for the free movement of goods between Turkey and the EU. This means that tariffs and quotas are eliminated on most industrial goods, leading to increased trade and economic integration. However, it doesn’t extend to agriculture, services, or public procurement.
How has Turkey’s human rights record impacted its EU bid?
Turkey’s human rights record has been a major obstacle to its EU membership. Concerns about freedom of expression, the treatment of journalists, and the independence of the judiciary have led to repeated criticism from the EU and have stalled the accession process.
What role does the Cyprus issue play in Turkey’s EU aspirations?
The Cyprus issue remains a significant stumbling block. Turkey does not recognize the Republic of Cyprus (an EU member), and the ongoing dispute over the island’s division continues to complicate relations between Turkey and the EU.
Has the EU ever formally rejected Turkey’s application?
No, the EU has never formally rejected Turkey’s application. However, negotiations have been effectively frozen for several years due to concerns about Turkey’s human rights record and democratic backsliding.
What are the “Copenhagen criteria” and how do they relate to Turkey’s EU bid?
The Copenhagen criteria are the essential conditions that candidate countries must meet to join the EU. These criteria include having stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, respect for and protection of minorities, a functioning market economy, and the ability to take on the obligations of EU membership.
How has public opinion in Turkey affected its EU aspirations?
Public opinion in Turkey has fluctuated over time. While there was strong support for EU membership in the past, recent years have seen increased Euroscepticism, particularly following the 2016 coup attempt and the subsequent crackdown on dissent.
What benefits would the EU gain from Turkey’s membership?
Proponents of Turkey’s EU membership argue that it would strengthen the EU’s geopolitical position, provide access to a large and dynamic economy, and enhance the EU’s cultural diversity. Turkey’s strategic location would also be a significant asset for the EU.
How likely is Turkey to become an EU member in the near future?
Given the current political climate and the ongoing challenges, Turkey’s EU membership in the near future is highly unlikely. Significant progress on human rights, rule of law, and the Cyprus issue would be necessary for negotiations to resume.
What is “enlargement fatigue” and how does it relate to Turkey’s application?
“Enlargement fatigue” refers to the growing reluctance among some EU member states to further expand the Union. This is partly due to concerns about the economic and political impact of incorporating new members, particularly large countries like Turkey.
What are some alternative partnership models that have been suggested for Turkey and the EU?
Several alternative partnership models have been proposed, including an enhanced customs union, a privileged partnership, or a strategic partnership. These models aim to provide Turkey with some of the benefits of EU membership without full accession.
How has the political climate in Turkey influenced its relationship with the EU?
The political climate in Turkey, particularly since the 2016 coup attempt, has had a significant impact on its relationship with the EU. The crackdown on dissent and the erosion of democratic institutions have led to increased criticism from the EU and a deterioration in relations.
What role does Germany play in Turkey’s EU accession process?
Germany, as the EU’s largest economy and a major political power, plays a crucial role in Turkey’s EU accession process. German leaders have expressed concerns about Turkey’s human rights record and have been skeptical about the prospect of full membership. Their position carries significant weight within the EU.